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Karen Horney
Karen Horney (; born Danielsen, 16 September 1885 – 4 December 1952) was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding feminist psychology in response to Freud's theory of penis envy. She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, and she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology. As such, she is often classified as Neo-Freudian.
==Early life==
Karen Horney was born Karen Danielsen on 16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany, near Hamburg. Her father, Berndt Wackels Danielsen (1836–1910), was a ship's captain, a traditional devout with a patriarchal thinking (his children nicknamed him "the Bible-thrower"). Her mother, Clotilde, née van Ronzelen (1853–1911), known as "Sonni", was very different, being much more open-minded than Berndt.〔And yet she was, according to Marcia Westcott, ''The feminist legacy of Karen Horney'', New Haven, Conn. 1986, pp. 7–8, “depressed, irritable, and domineering toward Karen”.〕 Horney's elder brother was also named Berndt, and Karen cared for him deeply. She also had four elder half-siblings〔Paris, ''Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search.''〕〔Quinn, ''Mind of her own.''〕〔Rubins, ''Karen Horney: gentle rebel.''〕 from her father's previous marriage.〔There was never any contact between the children of her father’s two marriages.〕
According to Horney's adolescent diaries her father was "a cruel disciplinary figure," holding his son Berndt in higher regard than herself. Instead of being offended or feeling indignation over Karen's perceptions of him, her father brought her gifts from far-away countries. Despite this, Karen always felt deprived of her father's affection and instead became attached to her mother.〔This is to a large extent due to the fact that her father was hardly ever present. The ship of which he was a captain went back and forth to South America. A son and a daughter from the captain’s first marriage died in Chile and Bolivia respectively.〕
From roughly the age of nine Karen changed her perspective on life, becoming ambitious and somewhat rebellious. She felt that she could not become pretty and instead decided to vest her energies into her intellectual qualities — despite the fact she was seen by most as pretty. At this time she developed a crush on her older brother, who became embarrassed by her attentions — soon pushing her away. She suffered the first of several bouts of depression — an issue that would plague her for the rest of her life.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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